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M | N .asf Active Streaming Format .avi Short for Audio Video Interleave, the file format for Microsoft's Video for Windows standard. .gif Graphics Interchange Format--a bit-mapped graphics file format used by the World Wide Web, CompuServe and many BBSs. GIF supports color and various resolutions. It also includes data compression, making it especially effective for scanned photos. .jpeg Joint Photographic Experts Group image format. A popular Internet compression format for color images. .mov File extension used with QuickTime movies. .rm Most common file extension used with RealMedia files. .wav A sound format for storing sound in files developed jointly by Microsoft and IBM. Support for WAV files was built into Windows 95 making it the de facto standard for sound on PCs. WAV sound files end with a .wav extension. 8mm Compact videocassette format, popularized by camcorders, employing 8-millimeter-wide videotape. [See Hi8] A/B roll editing Two video sources played simultaneously, to be mixed or cut between. A/V (Audio/Video) A common shorthand for multimedia audio and video. action axis An imaginary line drawn between two subjects, or along a line of motion to maintain continuity of screen direction. Crossing it from one shot to the next will create an error in continuity. It is often referred to as the "180-degree rule." ad-lib Unrehearsed, spontaneous act of speaking, performing, or otherwise improvising on-camera activity without preparation. aDSL Asymmetric (or Asynchronous) Digital Subscriber Line. A 'fat pipe.' New technology to carry high-speed data over typical twisted-pair copper telephone lines. ADSL promises be up to 70 times as fast as a 28.8 modem, and can be used concurrently with voice AFM See audio frequency modulation. AGC See automatic gain control. ambient sound (ambience) Natural background audio representative of a given recording environment. On-camera dialog might be primary sound; traffic noise and refrigerator hum would be ambient. amplify To electronically magnify an audio signal for mixing, distribution, and/or transducing purposes. analog An electrical signal is referred to as either analog or digital. Analog signals are those signals directly generated from a stimulus such as a light striking a camera picture tube. You can convert an analog signal to a digital signal by using an analog t animation Visual special effect whereby progressive still images displayed in rapid succession creates the illusion of movement. aperture/exposure A setting that manipulates the amount of light falling onto the camera's CCD(s). This control adjusts the size of the camcorder's iris. apps (application) Software that performs a specific function. artifacting The occurrence of unwanted visual distortions that appear in a video image, such as cross-color artifacts, cross-luminance artifacts, jitter, blocking, ghosts, etc. Artifacting is a common side effect of compression, especially at lower bit rates. artifacts Unwanted visual distortions that appear in a video image, such as cross-color artifacts, cross-luminance artifacts, jitter, blocking, ghosts, etc. artificial light Human-made illumination not limited to "indoor" variety: fluorescent bulbs, jack-o'-lanterns and a car's headlights all qualify. Typically, it has lower color temperature than natural light, and thus more reddish qualities. (See color temperature, natural light) aspect ratio Proportional width and height of picture on screen. Current standard for conventional receiver or monitor is four by three 4:3; 16:9 for HDTV. assemble edit Recording video and/or audio clips in sequence immediately following previous material; does not break control track. Consecutive edits form complete program. [See edit, insert edit] ATV (amateur television) Specialized domain of ham radio, transmits standard TV signals on UHF radio bands. audio dub Result of recording over pre-recorded videotape soundtrack, or a portion thereof, without affecting pre-recorded images. audio frequency modulation (AFM) Method of recording hi-fi audio on videotape along with video signals. audio mixer The piece of equipment used to gather, mix and amplify sounds from multiple microphones and then send the signal on to its destination. automatic exposure Circuitry that monitors light levels and adjusts camcorder iris accordingly, compensating for changing light conditions. automatic gain control (AGC) Camcorder circuitry that adjusts incoming audio levels automatically. available light Amount of illumination present in a particular environment: natural light, artificial light or a combination of the two. AVI (Audio Video Interleave) One of the oldest file formats for digital video on PCs. back light Lamp providing illumination from behind. Creates sense of depth by separating foreground subject from background area. Applied erroneously, causes severe silhouetting. (See fill light, key light, three-point lighting) balanced line Audio cables that have three wires: one for positive, one for negative and one for ground. bandwidth A measure of the capacity of a user’s data line. Video looks its best on a high-bandwidth connection, like DSL, cable modems or satellite modems. Conversely, trying to download or stream video on a low-bandwidth connection like a dial-up modem can be a frustrating experience. bandwidth compression Reducing the bandwidth that is required for transmission of a given digital data rate. barndoors Accessories for video lights; adjustable folding flaps that control light distribution. batch capture The ability of certain computer-based editing systems to automatically capture whole lists or "batches" of clips from source videotapes. Betamax More commonly known as "Beta," half-inch videotape format developed by Sony, eclipsed by VHS in home video market popularity. [See ED Beta] bidirectional Microphone pickup pattern whereby sound is absorbed equally from two sides only. [See omnidirectional, unidirectional.] black box Generic term for wide variety of video image manipulation devices with perceived mysterious or "magical" capabilities, including proc amps, enhancers, SEGs, and TBCs. bleeding Video image imperfection characterized by blurring of color borders; colors spill over defined boundaries, "run" into neighboring areas. BNC (Bayonet Fitting Connector aka British Naval Connector) A durable "professional" cable connector, attaches to VCRs for transfer of high-frequency composite video in/out signals. Connects with a push and a twist. boom Any device for suspending a microphone above and in front of a performer. booming Camera move above or below subject with aid of a balanced "boom arm," creating sense of floating into or out of a scene. Can combine effects of panning, tilting, and pedding in one fluid movement. C See chrominance. cable/community access Channel(s) of a local cable television system dedicated to community-based programming. Access centers provide free or low-cost training and use of video production equipment and facilities. cameo lighting Foreground subjects illuminated by highly directional light, appearing before a completely black background. Cannon See XLR. capacitor The part of a condenser mike that stores electrical energy and permits the flow of alternating current. capture card A piece of computer hardware that captures digital video and audio to a hard drive, typically through a FireWire (IEEE 1394) port. cardioid A microphone that picks up sound in a heart-shaped pattern. CCD (Charge Coupled Device) Light-sensitive integrated circuit in video cameras that converts images into electrical signals. Sometimes referred to as a "chip." character generator A device that electronically builds text which can be combined with a video signal. The text is created with a keyboard and program that has a selection of font and backgrounds. chroma Characteristics of color a videotape absorbs with recorded signal, divided into two categories: AM (amplitude modulation) indicates color intensity; PM (phase modulation) indicates color purity. chromakey Method of electronically inserting the image from one video source into the image of another through areas designated as its "key color." It is frequently used on news programs to display weather graphics behind talent chrominance Portion of video signal that carries color information (hue and saturation, but not brightness); frequently abbreviated as "C," as in “Y/C” for luminance/chrominance. [See luminance.] clapstick Identification slate with hinged, striped top that smacks together for on-camera scene initiation. Originally used to synchronize movie sound with picture. [See lip-sync] closeup (CU) A tightly framed camera shot in which the principal subject is viewed at close range, appearing large and dominant on screen. Pulled back slightly is a "medium closeup" while zoomed in very close is an "extreme closeup (ECU or XCU)." CODEC Abbreviation for compressor/decompressor. A piece of software that can convert a raw stream of uncompressed video to a compressed form. The same piece of software can also play the compressed video on-screen. color bars Standard test signal containing samples of primary and secondary colors, used as reference in aligning color video equipment. Generated electronically by a "color bar generator," often viewed on broadcast television in off-air hours. [See test pattern] color corrector Electronic device that dissects the colors of a video signal, allowing them to be adjusted individually. color temperature Relative amount of "white" light's reddish or bluish qualities, measured in degrees Kelvin. Desirable readings for video are 3,200K indoors, 5,600K outdoors. (See artificial, natural light) comet tailing Smear of light resulting from inability of camera's pickup to process bright objects -- especially in darker settings. Object or camera in motion creates appearance of flying fireball. [See lag] component video Signal transmission system, resembling S-video concept, employed with professional videotape formats. Separates luminance and two chrominance channels to avoid quality loss from NTSC or PAL encoding. composite video Single video signal combining luminance and chrominance signals through an encoding process, including RGB (red, green, blue) elements as well as sync information. compositing Superimposing multiple layers of video. Each layer may move independently. composition Visual makeup of a video picture, including such variables as balance, framing, field of view, texture -- all aesthetic considerations. Combined qualities form image that's pleasing to view, and effectively communicates. compression An encoding process that reduces the digital data in a video frame, typically from nearly one megabyte to 300 kilobytes or less. This is accomplished by throwing away information the eye can't see and/or redundant information in areas of the video frame that do not change. JPEG, Motion-JPEG, MPEG, DV, Indeo, Fractal and Wavelet are all compression schemes. condenser mike A high-quality mike whose transducer consists of a diaphragm, backplate and capacitor. continuity [1:visual] Logical succession of recorded or edited events, necessitating consistent placement of props, positioning of characters, and progression of time. contrast Difference between a picture's brightest and darkest areas. When high, image contains sharp blacks and whites; when low, image limited to variations in gray tones. control track A portion of the videotape containing information to synchronize playback and linear videotape editing operations. Control-L A two-way communication system used to coordinate tape transport commands for linear editing. Primarily found in Mini DV, Digital8, Hi8 and 8mm camcorders and VCRs. (See Control-S, synchro edit). Control-S A one-way communication system that treats a VCR or camcorder as a slave unit, with edit commands emanating from an external edit controller or compatible deck. Primarily found on 8mm VCRs and camcorders. (See Control-L, synchro edit). cookie (cucalorus) Lighting accessory consisting of random cutout shapes that cast patterned shadows when light passes through. Used to imitate shadows of natural lighting. crawl Text or graphics - usually special announcements or credits - that move across screen horizontally, typically from bottom right to left. cross-fade Simultaneous fade-in of one audio source or lighting effect as another fades out; may overlap temporarily. Also called a dissolve. cucalorus (cookie) Lighting accessory consisting of random pattern of cutouts that forms shadows when light passes through it. Used to imitate shadows of natural lighting. cue [1] Signal to begin, end, or otherwise influence on-camera activity while recording. [2] Presetting specific starting points of audio or video material so it's available for immediate and precise playback when required. cut [1] Instantaneous change from one shot to another. [2] Director's command to immediately terminate on-camera action and recording. cutaway Shot of other than principal action (but peripherally related), frequently used as transitional footage or to avoid a jump cut. cuts-only editing Editing limited to immediate shifts from one scene to another, without smoother image transition capabilities such as dissolving or wiping. [See cut, edit] D1, D2, D3, D5, Digital-S, DVCPRO, DVCAM, Digital Betacam Entirely digital "professional" videotape recording formats (component and composite, respectively) capable of decibel (dB) Measure of audio signal strength based on a logarithmic scale. Also the unit of measure for sound pressure level (loudness). decompression The decoding of a compressed video data stream to allow playback. deinterlace To convert interlaced video into progressively-scanned video, for use with computers. depth of field Range in front of a camera’s lens in which objects appear in focus. Varies with subject-to-camera distance, focal length of camera lens and camera's aperture setting. desktop video (DTV) Fusion of personal computers and home video components for elaborate videomaking capabilities rivaling those of broadcast facilities. diaphragm The vibrating element in a microphone that responds to the compressed air molecules of sound waves. diffused light Indistinctly illuminates relatively large area. Produces soft light quality with soft shadows. diffuser Gauzy or translucent material that alters the quality of light passing through it to produce less intense, flatter lighting with softer, less noticeable shadows. diffusion filter Mounted at front of camcorder lens, gives videotaped images a foggy, fuzzy, dreamy look. [See filter] digital audio Sounds that have been converted to digital information. digital video effects (DVE) Electronic analog-to-digital picture modification yielding specialty image patterns and maneuvers: tumbling, strobing, page turning, mosaic, posterization, solarization, etc. digitization The process of converting a continuous analog video or audio signal to digital data for computer storage and manipulation. digitizer Device that imports and converts analog video images into digital information for hard drive-based editing. directional light Light that illuminates in a relatively small area with distinct light beam; usually created with spotlight, yields harsh, defined shadows. dissolve Image transition effect of one picture gradually disappearing as another appears. Analogous to audio and lighting cross-fade. [See cross-fade.] distribution amp (distribution amplifier) Divides single video or audio signals, while boosting their strength, for delivery to multiple audio/video acceptors. Allows simultaneous recording on multiple VCR’s from the same source, especially useful for tape duplication. DivX A recent codec for MPEG-4 video, developed on the Internet. dolly Physical movement of the camera toward or away from a subject. The effect may seem to be the same as zooming, but dollying in or out results in a more dramatic change in perspective than using the zoom dollying Camera movement toward or away from a subject. Effect may appear same as zooming, which reduces and magnifies the image, but dollying in or out maintains perspective while changing picture size. dongle a device that prevents the unauthorized use of hardware or software. A dongle usually consists of a small cord attached to a device or key that secures the hardware. The term is also used to signify a generic adapter for peripherals. download and play A way of viewing Web video that requires a user to download a video before playing it. Download and play files are usually higher quality than streamed video. dropout Videotape signal voids, viewed as fleeting white specks or streaks. Usually result of minute "bare spots" on a tape's magnetic particle coating, or tape debris covering particles and blocking signals. DTV Desktop video. dub [1] Process or result of duplicating a videotape in its entirety. [2] Editing technique whereby new audio or video replaces portion(s) of existing recording. DVE (Digital Video Effect) Electronic special effects and picture modification yielding specialty image patterns and maneuvers, such as tumbling, strobing, page turning, mosaic, posterization, solarization, etc. [See F/X] dynamic mike A rugged microphone whose transducer consists of a diaphragm connected to a moveable coil. ED Beta (extended definition Beta) Improved version of the original half-inch Betamax video format, yielding sharper pictures with 500-line resolution. [See Betamax] edit Process or result of selectively recording video and/or audio on finished videotape. Typically involves reviewing raw footage and transferring desired segments from master tape(s) onto new tape in a predetermined sequence. [See assemble edit, in-camera e edit control protocols Types of signals designed to communicate between editing components, including computers, tape decks and camcorders. Allows components to transmit instructions for various operations such as play, stop, fast forward, rewind, record, pause, etc. edit controller Electronic programmer used in conjunction with VCRs/camcorders to facilitate automated linear videotape editing with speed, precision and convenience. edit decision list (EDL) Handwritten or computer-generated compilation of all edits (marked by their time code in points and out points) to be executed in a video production. edited master Original recorded videotape footage; "edited master" implies original copy of tape in its edited form. Duplications constitute generational differences. EDL (EDL) Handwritten or computer-generated compilation of all edits (marked by their time code in points and out points) to be executed in a video production. EFP (Electronic field production) Film-style production approach using a single camera to record on location. Typically shot for post-production application, non-live feed. electret condenser Microphone type incorporating a precharged element, eliminating need for bulky power sources. [See condenser.] encoder Device that translates a video signal into a different format -- RGB to composite, DV to MPEG,etc. encoding The actual process of compressing video for streaming or for downloading. ENG (Electronic news gathering) Use of portable video cameras, lighting and sound equipment to record news events in the field quickly, conveniently, and efficiently. enhancer (Image enhancer) Video signal processor that compensates for picture detail losses and distortion occurring in recording and playback. Exaggerates transitions between light and dark areas by enhancing high frequency region of video spectrum. EP (Extended play) Slowest tape speed of a VHS VCR, accommodating six-hour recordings. [See LP, SP] equalization Emphasizing specific audio or video frequencies and eliminating others as signal control measure, usually to produce particular sonic qualities. Achieved with equalizer. equalize To emphasize, lessen or eliminate certain audio frequencies. essential area Boundaries within which contents of a television picture are sure to be seen, regardless of masking differences in receiver displays. Also called the "critical area," and “action safe area,” it encompasses the inner 80 percent of the screen. establishing shot The opening picture of a program or scene. Usually, a wide and/or distant perspective that orients viewer to the overall setting and surroundings extra Accessory talent not essential to a production, assuming some peripheral on-camera role. In movie work, performers with fewer than five lines are called "under fives." F/X Special effects. Visual tricks and illusions -- electronic or on camera -- employed in film and video to define, distort or defy reality. fade Gradual diminishing or heightening of visual and/or audio intensity. "Fade out" or "fade to black," "fade in" or "up from black" are common terms. feed Act or result of transmitting a video signal from one point to another. feedback [1:video] Infinite loop of visual patterns from signal output being fed back as input; achieved by aiming live camera at receiving monitor. [2:audio] Echo effect at low levels, howl or piercing squeal at extremes, from audio signal being fed back to itse field Half a scanning cycle. Two fields comprise a complete video frame. Composed of either all odd lines or all even lines. field of view Extent of a shot that is visible through a particular lens; its vista. fill light Supplementary illumination, usually from a soft light positioned to the side of the subject, which lightens shadows created by the key light. (See back light, key light, three-point lighting) film-style Out-of-sequence shooting approach, to be edited in appropriate order at post-production stage. Advantageous for concentrating on and completing recording at one location at a time, continuity and convenience assured. filter Transparent or semi-transparent material, typically glass, mounted at the front of a camcorder’s lens to change light passing through. Manipulates colors and image patterns, often for special effect purposes filter effect Digital effect added to colorize or otherwise alter a clip in post-production. FireWire (IEEE 1394 or i.LINK) A high-speed bus that was developed by Apple Computer. It is used, among other things, to connect digital camcorders to computers. fishpole A small, lightweight arm to which a microphone is attached, hand held by an audio assitant outside of the picture frame. flare Bright flashes evident in video. Caused by excessive light beaming into a camera's lens and reflecting off its internal glass elements. flat lighting Illumination characterized by even, diffused light without shadows, highlights or contrast. May impede viewer's sense of depth, dimension. floodlight Radiates a diffused, scattered blanket of light with soft, indistinct shadows. Best used to spread illumination on broad areas, whereas spotlights focus on individual subjects. fluid head Tripod mount type containing viscous fluid which lubricates moving parts, dampens friction. Design facilitates smooth camera moves, alleviates jerkiness. [See friction head] flying erase head Accessory video head mounted on spinning head drum, incorporated in many camcorders and VCRs to eliminate glitches and rainbow noise between scenes recorded or edited. By design, all 8mm-family and DV-family equipment has flying erase heads. focal length Distance from a camcorder's lens to a focused image with the lens focused on infinity. Short focal lengths offer a broad field of view (wide-angle); long focal lengths offer a narrow field of view (telephoto lens). Zoom lenses have a variable range of focal lengths. follow focus Controlling lens focus so that an image maintains sharpness and clarity despite camera and/or subject movement. foot-candle A unit of illumination equal to the light emitted by a candle at the distance of one foot. One foot-candle equals 10.764 lux. (See lux) format Videotape and video equipment design differences -- physical and technical -- dictating compatibility and quality. In most basic sense, refers to standardized tape widths, videocassette sizes. [See Betamax, D1/D2, 8mm, three-quarter-inch, VHS] FPS Abbreviation for Frames per Second. Same as Frame rate. frame 1)One complete image. In NTSC video a frame is composed of two fields. One 30th of a second. 2) The viewable area or composition of an image. framing The act of composing a shot in the camcorder's viewfinder for desired content, angle and field of view. freeze frame Single frame paused and displayed for an extended period during video playback; suspended motion perceived as still snapshot. frequency Number of vibrations produced by a signal or sound, usually expressed as cycles per second, or hertz (Hz). frequency response Measure of the range of frequencies a medium can respond to and reproduce. Good video response maintains picture detail; good audio response accommodates the broadest range, most exacting sound. friction head Tripod mount type with strong spring that counterbalances camera weight, relying on friction to hold its position. More appropriate for still photography than movement-oriented videomaking. [See fluid head] f-stop Numbers corresponding to variable size of a camera's iris opening, and thus the amount of light passing through lens. The higher the number, the smaller the iris diameter, which means less light is able to enter the camcorder. full-motion video A standard for
video playback on a computer; refers to smooth-flowing,
full-color video at 30 frames per second, regardless of the
screen resolution. gaffer Production crew technician responsible for placement and rigging of all lighting instruments. gain Video amplification, signal strength. "Riding gain" means varying controls to achieve desired contrast levels. GB (Gigabyte) Giga- is a prefix that means one billion, so a Gigabyte is 1,000,000,000 bytes. Most commonly used to measure hard disk space. gel Colored material placed in front of a light source to alter its hue. Useful for special effects and correcting mismatches in lighting, as in scenes lit by both daylight and artificial light. generation Relationship between a master video recording and a given copy of that master. A copy of a copy of the original master constitutes a second-generation duplication. generation loss Degradation in picture and sound quality resulting from an analog duplication of original master video recording. Copying a copy and all successive duplication compounds generation loss. Digital transfers are free of generation loss. genlock (generator locking device) Synchronizes two video sources, allowing part or all of their signals to be displayed together. Necessary for overlaying computer graphics with video, for example. ghosting Undesirable faint double screen image caused by signal reflection or improperly balanced video circuitry. "Ringing" appears as repeated image edges. giraffe A small boom that consists of a counterweighted arm supported by a tripod, usually on casters. glitch Momentary picture disturbance. grain Blanketed signal noise viewed as fuzziness, unsmooth images -- attributable to lumination inadequacies. grip Production crew stagehand responsible for handling equipment, props, and scenery before, during, and after production. group master fader A volume control on an audio board that handles a subgroup of input channels before they are sent to the master fader. handheld mike A microphone that a person holds to speak or sing into. hard disk Common digital storage component in a computer. For video use, hard disks need: 1) an access time of less than 10 milliseconds; 2) a sustained throughput (data transfer rate) of 3 Megabytes per second HDTV Television system standard affording greater resolution for sharper pictures and wide-screen viewing via specially-designed TV equipment. By transmitting the information used to make a TV picture and sound as "data bits" (as does a computer), a digital broadcaster can carry more information than is currently possible with analog broadcast technology. This will allow for the transmission of pictures with higher resolution for dramatically better picture and sound quality than is currently available, or of several "standard definition" TV programs at once. ("Standard definition" digital TV pictures would be similar in clarity and detail to the best TV pictures being received and displayed today using the current (analog NTSC) broadcast system and TV receivers.) The DTV technology can also be used to transmit large amounts of other data that you may be able to access using your computer or your television set. head Electromagnetic component within camcorders and VCRs that records, receives and erases video and audio signals on magnetic tape. headroom The space between the top of a subject's head and a monitor's upper screen edge. Too much headroom makes the subject look small, while too little crowds the subject on the screen. Hi8 (high-band 8mm) Improved version of 8mm videotape format characterized by higher luminance resolution for a sharper picture. Compact "conceptual equivalent" of Super-VHS. [See 8mm] hi-fi (high fidelity) Generalized term defining audio quality approaching the limits of human hearing, pertinent to high-quality sound reproduction systems. high impedance A characteristic of microphones that have a great deal of opposition to the flow of alternating current through them and therefore must have short cables; high-impedance mikes are less likely to be used in professional situations than low-impedance microphones. hiss Primary background signal interference in audio recording, result of circuit noise from a playback recorder's amplifiers or from a tape's residual magnetism. horizontal resolution Specification denoting amount of discernable detail across a screen's width. Measured in pixels, the higher the horizontal resolution, the better the picture quality. IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.LINK) A high-speed serial interface developed by Apple and later adopted as a standard by the Institute of Electical and Electronics Engineers. Notable for its ability to transfer data as quickly as 400 Mbps, giving it the ability to handle the large amounts of data required for digitized video. image enhancer Video signal processor that compensates for picture detail losses and distortion occurring in recording and playback. Exaggerates transitions between light and dark areas by enhancing high frequency region of video spectrum. image sensor A video camera's image sensing element, either CCD (charge coupled device) or MOS (metal oxide semiconductor); converts light to electrical energy. [See CCD] impedance Opposition to the flow of an audio signal in a microphone and its cable. in-camera editing Assembling finished program "on the fly" as you videotape simply by activating and pausing camcorder's record function. incident light That which emanates directly from a light source. Measured from the object it strikes to the source. (See reflected light) indexing Ability of some VCRs to electronically mark specific points on videotape for future access, either during the recording process (VISS: VHS index search system) or as scenes are played back (VASS: VHS address search system). input channel On an audio board, the control into which a microphone, tape recorder or other source is plugged. insert edit Recording video and/or audio on tape over a portion of existing footage without disturbing what precedes and follows. Must replace recording of same length interlace To split a TV picture into two fields of odd and even lines. Under the interlaced method, every other line is scanned during the first pass, then the remaining lines are scanned in the second pass. All analog TV formats (NTSC, PAL and SECAM) use interlaced video. interlaced video Process of scanning frames in two passes, each painting every other line on the screen, with scan lines alternately displayed in even and odd fields. NTSC video is interlaced; most computers produce a noninterlaced video signal. [See noninterlaced video] iris Camcorder's lens opening or aperture, regulates amount of light entering camera. Diameter is measured in f-stops. [See f-stop.] jack Any female socket or receptacle, usually on the backside of video and audio equipment; accepts plug for circuit connection. jitter Video image aberration seen as slight, fast vertical or horizontal shifting of a picture or portion of one. jog/shuttle Manual control on some VCRs, facilitates viewing and editing precision and convenience. Jog ring moves tape short distances to show a frame at a time; shuttle dial transports tape forward or reverse more rapidly for faster scanning. jump cut Unnatural, abrupt switch to/from shots identical in subject but slightly different in screen location. Awkward progression makes subject appear to jump from one screen location to another. It can be remedied with cutaway or shot from a different angle. Kelvin Temperature scale used to define the color of a light source; abbreviated as "K." [See color temperature] key light Principal illumination source on a subject or scene. Normally positioned slightly off-center and angled to provide shadow detail. (See back light, fill light, three-point lighting) keyframe A complete image, used as a reference for subsequent images. To keep the data rate low, other frames only have data for the parts of the picture that change. keystoning Perspective distortion from a flat object being shot by a camera at other than a perpendicular angle. Nearer portion of object appears larger than farther part. Killer app An HYPERLINK "application.htm" application of such technological importance and wide acceptance that it surpasses (i.e., kills) its competitors. lag Camera pickup's retention of an image after the camera has been moved, most common under low light levels. Comet tailing is a form of lag. lapel mike A small mike often clipped inside clothing or on a tie or lapel. lavalier A small mike that can be worn around the neck on a cord. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Commonly used in digital watches, camcorder viewscreens and laptop computer screens, LCD panels are light-weight and low-power display devices. linear editing Tape-based editing. Called linear because scenes are laid in a line along the tape. lip sync Proper synchronization of video with audio -- lip movement with audible speech. [See synchronous sound.] long shot (LS) Camera view of a subject or scene from a distance, showing a broad perspective. LP (long play) Middle tape speed of a VHS VCR, accommodating four-hour recordings. [See EP, SP] LTC (longitudinal time code) Frame identification numbers encoded as an audio signal and recorded lengthwise on the edge of a tape. (See time code, VITC). luminance Black-and-white portion of video signal, carries brightness information representing picture contrast, light and dark qualities; frequently abbreviated as "Y." lux A metric unit of illumination equal to the light of a candle falling on a surface of one square meter. One lux is equivalent to 0.0929 foot-candle. (See foot-candle) macro Lens capable of extreme closeup focusing, useful for intimate views of small subjects. master Original recorded videotape footage; "edited master" implies original tape in its edited form. master fader The audio volume control that is located after all the input channel controls and after the submaster controls. matched dissolve Dissolve from one image to another that's similar in appearance or shot size. media player A program that plays back audio or video. Examples include Microsoft Windows Media Player, Apple’s QuickTime Player, and RealPlayer. medium shot (MS) Defines any camera perspective between long shot and closeup, viewing the subjects from a medium distance. memory effect Power-loss phenomenon alleged of NiCad -- camcorder batteries, attributed to precisely repetitive partial discharge followed by complete recharge, or long-term overcharge. Considered misnomer for "voltage depression" and "cell imbalance." MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) System of communication between digital electronic instruments allowing synchronization and distribution of musical information. mike "Mic," short for "microphone." mix [1:audio] Combining sound sources to achieve a desired program balance. Finished output may be mono, stereo, or surround. [2:video] Combining video signals from two or more sources. model release Agreement to be signed by anyone appearing in a video work, protecting videomaker from right of privacy lawsuit. Specifies event, date, compensation provisions, and rights being waived. monitor [1:video] Television set without receiving circuitry, wired to camcorder or VCR for display of live or recorded video signals. Most standard TVs have dual-function capability as monitor and receiver. [See receiver] [2:audio] Synonymous with speaker. monopod One-legged camera support. [See tripod] montage A sequence of shots assembled in juxtaposition to each other to communicate a particular idea or mood. Often bridged with cross-fades and set to music. mosaic Electronic special effect whereby individual pixels comprising an image are blown up into larger blocks -- a kind of checkerboard effect. [See DVE] MOV A popular file format for video on a computer originally developed by Apple, but now widespread to many platforms. MPEG (MPEG-1) A video compression standard set by the Moving Picture Experts Group. It involves changing only those elements of a video image that actually change from frame to frame and leaving everything else in the image the same. MPEG-2 The highest quality digital video compression currently available. MPEG-2 is less blocky than MPEG-1 and is used in DVDs and DBS satellite TV systems. MPEG-4 A recent data compression format that can get better quality out of a given amount of bandwidth. MPEG-4 can compress a feature film onto a CD-ROM disc with VHS quality. natural light Planetary illumination -- from the sun, the moon, stars -- whether indoors or out. Has higher color temperature than artificial light, and thus more bluish qualities. (See artificial light, color temperature) neutral-density filter (ND) Mounted at front of camcorder lens, reduces light intensity without affecting its color qualities. [See filter.] NiCad (nickel cadmium) Abbreviation coined and popularized by SAFT America for lightweight camcorder battery type designed to maintain power longer than traditional lead-acid batteries. noise Unwanted sound or static in an audio signal or unwanted electronic disturbance of snow in the video signal. noninterlaced video Process of scanning complete frames in one pass, painting every line on the screen, yielding higher picture quality than that of interlaced video. Most computers produce a noninterlaced video signal; NTSC is interlaced. AKA progressive scan. nonlinear editing Digital "random access" editing that uses a hard drive instead of tape to store images. Random access allows easy arrangement of scenes in any order. Also eliminates the need for rewinding and allows for multiple dubs without generation loss. Nonlinear editing is a computer-based method of editing in which video and audio clips are represented on a computer screen by bars proportional to the length of the clip. nonsynchronous sound Audio without precisely matching visuals. Usually recorded separately, includes wild sound, sound effects, or music incorporated in post-production. [See synchronous sound.] NTSC U.S. television broadcasting specifications. NTSC refers to all video systems conforming to this 525-line 59.94-field-per-second signal standard. [See PAL] Off-line Until recently, the low quality of computer video images limits the DTV computer to "off-line" work. That is, making the edit-point decisions (EDL) for use in a later "on-line" session, using the original tapes to assemble the edit master. Today's high-e omnidirectional A microphone that picks up sound from all directions. outtake Footage not to be included in final production. over-the-shoulder shot A view of the primary subject with the back of another person’s shoulder and head in the foreground. Often used in interview situations. PAL (phase alternate line) 625-line 50-field-per-second television signal standard used in Europe and South America. Incompatible with NTSC. [See NTSC] pan Horizontal camera pivot, right to left or left to right, from a stationary position. pedding Vertically raising or lowering the camcorder, approaching closer to either floor or ceiling, with camera levelness maintained. phone plug Sturdy male connector compatible with audio accessories, particularly for insertion of microphone and headphone cables. Frequently referred to by their sizes, usually 1/4-inch and 1/8-inch. Not to be confused with phono plug. phono plug (RCA) Shrouded male connector used for audio and video connections. Frequently referred to as RCA plugs, they only come in one size. Not to be confused with phone plugs. pickup [1] A video camera's image sensing element, either CCD (charge coupled device) or MOS (metal oxide semiconductor); converts light to electrical energy. [See CCD] [2] A microphone's sound reception. pickup pattern Defines a microphone's response to sounds arriving from various directions or angles. [See bidirectional, omnidirectional, unidirectional.] PiP (picture in picture, p-in-p, pix in pix) Image from a second video source inset on a screen's main picture, the big and small pictures usually being interchangeable. playback Videotaped material viewed and heard as recorded, facilitated by camcorder or VCR. playback VCR Playback source of raw video footage (master or workprint) in basic player/recorder editing setup. [See recording VCR] point of view shot (POV) Shot perspective whereby the camera assumes subject's view, and thus viewers see what the subject sees. polarizing filter Mounted at the front of camcorder lens, thwarts undesirable glare and reflections. [See filter.] post production (post) Any video production activity following initial recording. Typically involves editing, addition of background music, voiceover, sound effects, titles, and/or various electronic visual effects. Results in completed production. posterization Electronic special effect transforming a normal video image into a collage of flattened single-colored areas, without graduations of color and brightness. [See DVE] POV preamp An electronic device that magnifies the low signal output of microphones and other transducers before the signal is sent to a mixing board or to other amplifiers. pre-roll [1] Slight backing-up function of camcorders and VCRs when preparing for linear tape-to-tape editing; ensures smooth, uninterrupted transitions between scenes. proc amp (processing amplifier) Video image processor that boosts video signal's luminance, chroma, and sync components to correct such problems as low light, weak color, or wrong tint. Progressive scan A method of displaying the horizontal video lines in computer displays and digital TV broadcasts. Each horizontal line is displayed in sequence (1,2,3, etc), until the screen is filled; as opposed to interlaced (first fields of odd-numbered lines, then fields of even-numbered lines). props Short for "properties," objects used either in decorating a set (set props) or by talent (hand props). PZM (pressure zone microphone) Small, sensitive condenser mike, usually attached to a 5-inch-square metal backing plate. Senses air pressure changes in tiny gap between mike element and plate. Guards against comb filter problems created by surfaces like tables or podiums. [See condenser.] QuickTime Computer system software that defines a format for video and audio data, so different applications can open and play synchronized sound and movie files. rack focus Shifting focus between subjects in the background and foreground so the viewer’s attention moves from subject to subject as the focus shifts. RAM (Random Access Memory) The short-term memory of a computer which temporarily holds information while your computer is on. Distinct from storage, which is more permanent and is held on hard disks or some other media, such as CD-ROM. raw footage Pre-edited recordings, usually direct from the camcorder. RCA plug A popular cable connector for home audio as well as video components. Standard connection for direct audio/video inputs/outputs. reaction shot A cutaway to someone or something showing their facial response to the primary action or subject. real time Occurring immediately, without delay for rendering. If a transition occurs in real time, there is no waiting, the computer creates the effect or transition on-the-fly, showing it on demand. RealNetworks Developed the leading streaming technology for transmitting live video over the Internet using a variety of data compression techniques and works with IP and IP Multicast connections. RealPlayer A program developed by RealNetworks to play live and on-demand RealAudio and RealVideo files. It is freely available from a number of places and is included in current versions of both _HYPERLINK "Navigator.htm"__Netscape Navigator_ and _HYPERLINK "Inte real-time counter Tallying device that accounts for videotape playing/recording by measure of hours, minutes, and seconds. RealVideo A streaming technology developed by RealNetworks for transmitting live video over the Internet. RealVideo uses a variety of data compression algorithms. receiver Television set that includes a tuner as well as an audio amplifier and speaker. Accommodates broadcast RF signals, whereas a monitor accepts composite video signals only. [See monitor] recording VCR Recipient of raw video feed (master or workprint) and recorder of edited videotape in basic player/recorder editing setup. [See playback VCR] reflected light That which bounces off the illuminated subject. Light redirected by a reflector. (See incident light) reflector Lighting accessory helpful for bouncing light onto a subject. Often made of lightweight reflective material. remote [1] Videomaking performed "on location," outside controlled studio environment. [2] Equipment allowing from-a-distance control, usually without physical connections. render The processing a computer undertakes when creating an applied effect, transition or composite. render time The time it takes an editing computer to composite source elements and commands into a single video file so the sequence, including titles and transition effects, can be played in full motion. resolution Amount of picture detail reproduced by a video system, influenced by a camera's pickup, lens, internal optics, recording medium, and playback monitor. The more detail, the sharper and better defined the picture. [See horizontal resolution] Rewritable Consumer (RC) Time code sent trhoug Control-L interface permitting extremely accurate edits. Each frame is assigned a unique address expressed in hours:minutes:seconds:frames. RF (radio frequency) Combination of audio and video signals coded as a channel number, necessary for television broadcasts as well as some closed-circuit distribution. RF converter Device that converts audio and video signals into a combined RF signal suitable for reception by a standard TV. RGB (red, green, blue) Video signal transmission system that differentiates and processes all color information in separate red, green, and blue components -- primary colors of light -- for optimum image quality. Also defines type of color monitor. ringing Undesirable faint double screen image caused by signal reflection or improperly balanced video circuitry. "Ringing" appears as repeated image edges. RM (Real Media) A popular file format used for streaming video over the Internet. roll Text or graphics -- usually credits -- that move up or down the screen, typically from bottom to top. Typically produced with a character generator or computer. [See crawl] rough cut Preliminary edit of footage in the approximate sequence, length and content of finished program. rule of thirds Composition theory
based on dividing the screen into thirds vertically and horizontally
and the placement of the main subject along those lines
S/N Ratio Relationship between signal strength and a medium's inherent noise. Video S/N indicates how grainy or snowy a picture will be, plus color accuracy; audio S/N specifies amount of background tape hiss present with low- or no-volume recordings. safe title area The area that will produce legible titles on most TV screens; 80% of the visible area, measured from the center. scan converter Device that changes scan rate of a video signal, possibly converting it from noninterlaced to interlaced mode. Allows computer graphics to be displayed on a standard video screen. scan line Result of television's swift scanning process which sweeps out a series of horizontal lines from left to right, then down a bit and left to right again. Complete NTSC picture consists of 525 scan lines per frame. scan rate Number of times a screen is "redrawn" per second. Computer displays operate at different scan rates than standard video. scene In the language of moving images, a sequence of related shots usually constituting action in one particular location. [See shot] scrim Lighting accessory made of wire mesh. Lessens intensity of light source without softening it. Half scrims and graduated scrims reduce illumination in more specific areas. script Text specifying content of a production or performance, used as a guide. May include character and setting profiles, production directives (audio, lighting, scenery, camera moves), as well as dialogue to be recited by talent. [See storyboard] SECAM (sequential color and memory) 625-line 25-frame-per-second television signal standard used in France and the Soviet Republic. Incompatible with NTSC; PAL and SECAM are partially compatible. [See NTSC, PAL] SEG See special effects generator. selective focus Adjusting focus to emphasize desired subject(s) in a shot. Selected area maintains clarity, image sharpness while remainder of image blurs. Useful for directing viewer's attention. sepia Brassy antique color effect characteristic of old photographs. shooting ratio Amount of raw footage recorded relative to the amount used in edited, finished program. shot All pictorial material recorded by a camera. More strictly speaking, shots are intentional, isolated camera views which collectively comprise a scene. [See scene] shotgun A highly-directional microphone used for picking up sounds from a distance. signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) Relationship between signal strength and a medium's inherent noise. Video S/N indicates how grainy or snowy a picture will be, plus its color accuracy; audio S/N specifies amount of background tape hiss present with low- or no-volume recordings. Higher figures represent a cleaner signal. Usually cited in decibels (dB). Skylight (1A) or haze (UV) filter Mounted at front of camcorder lens, virtually clear glass absorbs ultraviolet light. Also excellent as constant lens protector. [See filter] SMPTE Time code standard for film, video, and audio named for the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, which sanctions standards for recording systems in North America. [See time code] snake A connector box that contains a large number of balanced XLR microphone input receptacles. snoot Open-ended cylindrical funnel mounted on a light source to project a narrow, concentrated circle of illumination. snow Electronic picture interference; resembles scattered snow on the television screen. Synonymous with chroma and luma noise. solarization Electronic special effect distorting a video image's original colors, emphasizing some and de-emphasizing others for a "paint brush" effect. [See DVE] sound bite Any recorded audio segment salvageable for use in edited program -- usually a highlight taken from an interview. sound effects Contrived audio, usually prerecorded, incorporated with a video soundtrack to resemble the real thing. Blowing on a microphone, for example, might simulate wind to accompany hurricane images. soundtrack The audio portion of a video recording, often multifaceted with natural sound, voiceover, background music, sound effects, etc. SP (standard play) Fastest tape speed of a VHS VCR, accommodating two-hour recordings. [See EP, LP] special effects F/X. Tricks and illusions -- electronic or on camera -- employed in film and video to define, distort, or defy reality. special effects generator (SEG) Video signal processor with vast, but varying, image manipulation capabilities involving patterns and placement as well as color and texture: mixing, multiplying, shrinking, strobing, wiping, dissolving, flipping, colorizing, etc. spotlight Radiates a well-defined directional beam of light, casting hard, distinct shadows. Best used to focus illumination on individual subjects, whereas floodlights blanket broader areas. stabilizer Video signal processor used primarily for tape dubbing to eliminate picture jump and jitter, maintain stability. star Filter Mounted at front of camcorder lens, gives videotaped light sources a starburst effect. Generally available in four-, six-, and eight-point patterns. [See filter] stereo Sound emanating from two isolated sources, intended to simulate pattern of natural human hearing. stock shot Common footage -- city traffic, a rainbow -- conveniently accessed as needed. Similar to a "photo file" in the photography profession. storyboard Series of cartoon-like sketches illustrating key visual stages (shots, scenes) of planned production, accompanied by corresponding audio information. [See script] Streaming Playing sound or video in real time as it is downloaded over the internet as opposed to storing it in a local file first. Avoids download delay. strobe Digital variation of fixed-speed slow motion, with image action broken down into a series of still frames updated and replaced by new ones at rapid speed. superimposition (super) Non-inherent titles or graphics appearing over an existing video picture, partially or completely hiding areas they cover. Super-VHS (S-VHS, S-VHS-C) Improved version of VHS and VHS-C videotape formats, characterized by separate carriers of chrominance and luminance information, yielding a sharper picture. [See VHS, VHS-C] S-video Also known as Y/C video, signal type employed with Hi8 and S-VHS video formats. Transmits chrominance and luminance portions separatel | |||||||
